Testicular Cancer

Although it is a relatively rare form of cancer, testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 35. It typically starts in the cells that produce sperm, but it can also develop in other types of cells within the testicles. There are two main types of testicular cancer: germ cell tumors and stromal tumors.

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Symptoms

Testicular cancer often begins as a lump or swelling in one testicle, which may be firm or painful. Men may also experience discomfort or pain in the testicle or scrotum, and a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum. Other symptoms include lower back, abdominal, or groin pain, and sometimes breast tenderness or growth (gynecomastia) due to hormonal changes. If the cancer spreads, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and shortness of breath may occur. Regular self-examination is key for early detection.

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Risk Factors

Risk factors for testicular cancer include a history of undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), which increases risk even if corrected. It primarily affects men aged 15-35. Family history of testicular cancer, race (higher rates in white men), and a personal history of testicular cancer also raise risk. Other factors include HIV, infertility, and previous testicular trauma, though these are less well-established. Regular self-exams and early detection are crucial, as testicular cancer is highly treatable when caught early.

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Subtypes of

Testicular Cancer

Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs): Seminomas
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Germ cell tumors arise from the cells in the testicles that are responsible for producing sperm. Seminomas are a type of germ cell tumor that grows slowly and is generally more responsive to treatment.

Subtypes:

  • Classical Seminomas
  • Spermatocytic Seminomas
Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs): Non-Seminomas
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Germ cell tumors arise from the cells in the testicles that are responsible for producing sperm. Non-seminomas are a group of testicular cancers that tend to grow and spread more quickly than seminomas. These tumors are further divided into several subtypes based on their cell types. They can be more difficult to treat but still have a high cure rate, especially if diagnosed early.

Subtypes:

  • Embryonal Carcinoma
  • Teratoma (Mature & Immature) 
  • Yolk Sac Tumor
  • Choriocarcinoma
Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs): Mixed
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Mixed germ cell tumors contain a combination of seminoma and non-seminoma components. The prognosis and treatment for mixed germ cell tumors depend on the specific mixture of cancer cells, with non-seminomatous components often leading to a more aggressive course.

Stromal Tumors
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Stromal tumors originate in the supportive tissue (stroma) of the testicle, including the Leydig cells (which produce testosterone) and Sertoli cells (which help nourish sperm). These tumors are much less common than germ cell tumors but can still be cancerous.

Subtypes:

  • Leydig Cell Tumors (Malignant)
  • Sertoli Cell Tumors
Other Rare Types of Testicular Cancer
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In addition to the more common types mentioned above, several other rare and less frequently diagnosed types of testicular cancer may occur. These include: Sarcoma of the Testis; Gonadal Germ Cell Tumors in Cryptorchidism; and Granulosa Cell Tumors.

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Disclaimer: This list provides a comprehensive overview of some of the most common cancerous solid tumors, including theirtypes, subtypes, symptoms and risk factors. However, it is important to note that this list may not capture everypossible tumor type and subtype within this category. Cancer research is continually evolving, and new types andsubtypes may emerge over time. For a complete and personalized understanding of a cancer type or sub-type,individuals should consult medical professionals or oncologists. This information is intended for educationalpurposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or diagnosis.